That is, being faithful to the story of the original work is not a quality that counts in favour of the film’s artistic merit, but preserving the themes of the source does. For example the 1980 Abrams, Zucker, and Zucker farce Airplane! The latter question is modal, but not in the same way the Harry Potter question was. The issue of fidelity and adaptation has been contro-versial for decades (e.g., [45]). Teaching Adaptations addresses the challenges and appeal of teaching popular fiction and culture, video games and new media content, which serve to enrich the curriculum, as well as exploit the changing methods by which English students ... They are the tribute paid to literature by those who would institutionalise film studies; adaptation studies make film acceptable to literature departments looking to “maintain declining enrollments in the humanities” (47), while “shor[ing] up literature’s crumbling walls” (46). the protagonist of the film is called ‘Ulysses’ and his wife is ‘Penny’), the two works tell very different stories. Film Adaptation and Its Discontents | Adaptations Wiki ... The move “away from categorical models” toward “critical rhetoric and aesthetic practices” (244) and her attempt to write “beyond fidelity” are both seemingly conventional. Fidelity is defined as the degree to which a program is implemented according to its . For them, the passage from technical comparison to evaluative comparison is a slippery one. First, I owe thanks to the members of the Five College Aesthetics Reading Group who helped me with a very early draft: Nalini Bhushan, Jim Henle, Joe Moore, Ned Markosian, Laura Sizer, and Tom Wartenberg. Focuses on the critical and theoretical implications of adapting the Harry Potter novels to films and media. The Drift: Affect, Adaptation, and New Perspectives on ... John Ford): "If we can fix upon those elements in the film version that carried over from No one would bother to discuss whether a book or film or any other version of a story were faithful unless she already had some allegiance to that story in some form—that would indeed be tiresome. This extensive literature, furthermore, is almost uniformly opposed to the use of fidelity as a critical criterion. If two narratives present the same events in a different order (perhaps through flashbacks and flash-forwards, reverse or scrambled chronologies), they would count as having the same story on this view. Parodies are not typically counted as adaptations. “Adaptation, or the Cinema as Digest.” Naremore 19-27. “But Compared to the Original.”, Orr, Christopher. Better to hold off any consideration of merit, either through the wall of the medium or the archaeology of knowledge. And of course, many films do try to be faithful to their sources, and fidelity . Adaptation Theory Flashcards | Quizlet (dir. Suggested Readings Castro FG, Yasui M. Advances in EBI Development for Diverse Populations: Towards a Science of Intervention Adaption. If we see fidelity discourse as an avoidance of judgment, then, the repeated critical injunction against fidelity because it is surreptitiously judgmental is not an antidote to, but a reiteration of, the fundamental move. That audience might find the film worse, better, or somehow irrelevant, but those opinions respond to the film’s openness to judgment in the first place. One of the major debates in implementation research turns around fidelity and adaptation. TTSS′: Two artworks tell the same story iff the story unfolds in such a way in each work as to induce the audience to imagine the same fictional propositions in the same order as they take in each artwork.11. We do not need to answer these questions here. And given this consistent failure to achieve its goals, why do critics persist in calling for an end to fidelity? Before we can answer this question, we first need to clarify what we mean when we talk about a screenplay. In A Theory of Adaptation, Linda Hutcheon posits a theory of analyzing "adaptations as adaptations" that provides an answer to the question: how can adaptations be theorized without resorting to fidelity discourse?Although many experienced scholars in the field of adaptation studies have moved beyond the temptation to simply discuss whether an adaptation is faithful to its source . Adaptation Studies: New Challenges, New Directions Chapter 5 is an introduction to one of the most contentious concepts in adaptation studies: fidelity, or the idea that a given aesthetic object—traditionally, in adaptation studies, a film—reflects a faithful understanding of its source—traditionally, a literary text, especially a novel, play, or short story. Stam’s principal objection is the covert moralising of fidelity discourse: “The conventional language of adaptation criticism has often been profoundly moralistic, rich in terms that imply that the cinema has somehow done a disservice to literature. Adoption, Adaptation, and Fidelity of Implementation of ... Such an approach, while entirely refreshing for me, is one that regularly receives criticism from those that view the source text as somehow sacred, and thus static and intractable. An adaptation is not simply a visual form of the words typed. Scott’s view is that the film adaption of Atonement preserves the story but loses the themes that the story had in the original. For Ray, again, the problem with comparisons is not that they are inattentive but that they import precisely the evaluative stance Bluestone is attempting to rule out through a belief in medium specificity. The narration in the novel became stage directions; much of the dialogue was left unchanged. First, it must account for the persistence of fidelity discourse despite decades of resourceful argument against it. Is being faithful an aesthetic merit in a film that is an adaptation of some work of literature? In "Backgrounds, Issues, and a New Agenda" MacFarlane takes several opportunities to express his thoughts on the issue of fidelity in adaptation. Adaptation, Fidelity, and Tailoring (AFT) Implementation ... fidelity | The Chicago School of Media Theory While the use of Hitchcock’s visual criss-cross metaphors in the film is hardly a secret, I want to acknowledge my colleague Robin Blaetz, who first introduced me to this case many years ago in a wonderful public lecture. As with all adaptations of beloved source texts, there are those who would prefer the adaptation to be rendered on-screen as entirely faithful to the central conceit posited by the author. Fidelity is the most appropriate criterion to use in analyzing adaptations. Watch Sofia Coppola’s The Virgin Suicides for a masterclass in film adaptation. However, the themes of the novel are not similarly preserved. It implies that changes to the content of the novel will be made, with the . The “exigencies of the academic market” have given us a mountain of case studies that fail to add up to anything. We could define thematic fidelity this way: TF: A film is a faithful adaptation of a novel to the degree that it preserves the story’s themes. Thematically, the film emphasizes the vice of pride and the importance of being remembered after one dies. In his view, in some cases, fidelity improves a work; in others, it harms it. And yet the discipline resists. What this shows is that there are other virtues that adaptations can display. The Comic Book Film Adaptation explores this unique moment in which cinema is stimulated, challenged, and enriched by the once-dismissed medium of comics. One might say about Bluestone’s interlocutors that they tell us something, although not much, about the mutational process, and something else, although again not much, about how to judge it. Provides a lively, rigorous, and clearly written account of key moments in the history of the novel from Don Quixote and Robinson Crusoe up to Lolita and One Hundred Years of Solitude Emphasizes both the literary texts themselves and their ... Retail Trading Slows in Q3: Fidelity Reports 8% Drop in ... The theses of the two films are almost opposites. … The main casualty of the film’s long, murky middle and end sections is the big moral theme—and also the ingenious formal gimmick—that provides the book with some of its intensity and much of its cachet. The book describes this as binary polarization, suggesting that starker opposition between concepts leads to shifts in the messages that texts send, particularly when it comes to representations of gender, race, and childhood. The Drift: Affect, Adaptation, and New Perspectives on Fidelity offers a new perspective on the complex interrelations between literature and cinema. Balancing the concepts of fidelity and adaptation when implementing programs can be challenging. Kubrick’s own screenplay does not much deviate from the original novel. The Persistence of Fidelity | M/C Journal By this standard, Robert Mulligan’s 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird is often judged to be a reasonably faithful adaption of Harper Lee’s novel. Available for the first time in English, this collection pores over the phenomenon of comic books and adaptation, sifting through comics as both sources and results of adaptation. But the order in which stories are told seems to make a difference to story fidelity. Some silent screenplays actually include a story synopsis. When Orr offers a backhanded defense of a limited kind of fidelity criticism—“Fidelity to the letter, in contrast to fidelity to the spirit, can after all be verified” (74)—this is an extension, not a repudiation, of the layman’s discourse. Nor does he attempt to tell us when fidelity is a merit and when it is a de-merit. However, despite these many changes, the screenplay explores the same themes as the short story: the connection between memory and agency, and the idea of manipulating one’s own future agency are central to both. McFarlane, B. ADAPTATION THEORY. This is a personal victory, not a disciplinary one (“Of more interest to me;” “I have always had a strong interest in what has come to be called ‘intertextuality’” [xii]). The term fidelity refers to the "agreement (concordance) of a replicated program or strategy with the specification of the original" (CSAP/DSS, 2001). Questions of practice, authority, and generality float away from their original and insistent occasions. Such findings are perhaps unsurprising, given they occurred in the context of a funded trial, involving the original trial developers with a good understanding of the program and its mechanism and who employed a . The first premise is supported by arguments made by Denis Dutton and Stephen Davies, among others, that one of the things that we rightly value in art is that we see it as a significant accomplishment.17 Artworks often manifest human achievement, and that is part of why we care about them so much: we discern craft, practice, intelligence, and hard work in the creation of artworks and we value the works insofar as they exemplify these qualities. Found insideIn her groundbreaking book, A Theory of Adaptation (2006), Linda Hutcheon uses the term 'fidelity criticism' to describe this abiding critical interest in how closely an adaptation follows its source.1 As Hutcheon notes, this fixation ... To be sure, realistic or studio-based cinema might have solicited comparisons only with other films (or with reality, or with the possibilities of film), but that is not, it seems, what occurred. Adaptations put the options on the table; they suggest particular alternatives, and (despite Ray’s despair) over time they may provide cumulative support for notions of adaptive success and failure at various levels of generality. What exactly would make this a better book? Daily average trades totaled 2.4 million in the period, an 8% . This is quite a faithful film by the standards of story fidelity. When the Coen brothers film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? Edited by Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan. 2.3 Contextual factors influencing fidelity of implementation Previous studies have identified a variety of contextual factors that influence Slethaug, Gordon E. Adaptation Theory and Criticism: Postmodern Literature and Cinema in the USA. ‘Atonement’ is, instead, an almost classical example of how pointless, how diminishing, the transmutation of literature into film can be. One of the most difficult challenges to effective substance abuse prevention is finding the right balance between maintaining the fidelity of a science-based model prevention program and promoting adaptation of that program to reflect the circumstances of the community where it is being implemented. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Keywords. Midrashic Adaptation: The Ever-Growing Torah of Moses Wendy Zierler; The Recombinant Mystery of Frankenstein: Experiments in Film Adaptation Dennis R. Perry Ray’s answer is that commercial filmmaking turned to realistic storytelling to appeal to a middle-class audience, to hide its operations, and to solidify its self-regulating industrial oligopoly (45). . Over the past two decades, scholars have extended the debate well beyond George Bluestone's influential Novels into Film (1957) by taking into account such concerns as intertextuality and different forms of narrative enabled through new media. Sign up to get our cinematic goodness delivered to your inbox every weekend. Connor, J. A better film? As the title of Bluestone's theory suggests that the Lord of the Rings film could be a mutated version of Tolkien's novel. fidelity to a programmatic theory. This book constructs an overdue sociology of contemporary literary adaptation, never losing sight of the material and institutional dimensions of this powerful process. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Copyright © M/C, 1998-2021 ISSN 1441-2616. eighth adaptation fallacy. “I think we more urgently need to know something else” (48). It is based on the Intervention Mapping protocol for adaptation and serves as a decision support tool to help users: understand their needs, find EBIs that . Almost all of the essays are originals, especially composed for this volume, and written by leading international scholars on both literature and film. The argument for the third premise has already been hinted at. Why is the first Harry Potter movie too faithful? Second, Livingston claims that fidelity is not one thing. Because of the medium-specific differences between films and works of literature, including the temporal, visual, and sonic elements of films, in order to get audiences to know the same fictional propositions in the same order, great imagination and creativity are sometimes required. We want to know whether the task of preserving a story from the finished, continuity script to the finished film is a significant aesthetic achievement.21. Novels are better than films. While some elements of Homer’s poem can be found in O Brother, Where Art Thou? First, a literary work is adapted into a screenplay; second, the screenplay is a critical element in making the film. It is impossible to simply project the text on-screen, and this should certainly not be encouraged, as to do so underestimates the power and capacity of film. Fidelity in adaptation is important; it comes in different flavours and some, but not all, of these are in fact aesthetically significant.29. There is such a thing as contemporary adaptation theory. It may well be that other kinds of fidelity—fidelity to character, or to mood, or something else—are also aesthetic merits in adaptation. James Harold, The Value of Fidelity in Adaptation, The British Journal of Aesthetics, Volume 58, Issue 1, January 2018, Pages 89–100, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesthj/ayx041. The term adaptation is used to describe any changes or departures from the methodology enlisted in the original implementation of the program or strategy. In support of the second premise, we should note that in many cases, the task of transposing a story from a work of literature to a film is relatively straightforward. Second, the trust in fidelity criticism reveals adaptation studies' almost obsessive preoccupation with textual issues. The screenplay for Michel Hazanavicius’ 2011 silent film The Artist is available on-line accessed 6 January 2018. A. O. Scott focuses on this in his review in The New York Times: This is not a bad literary adaptation; it is too handsomely shot and Britishly acted to warrant such strong condemnation. I’m putting those questions aside for the purposes of this paper. Fidelity Investments reported a sequential decline in trading activity in the third quarter, after a torrid first half of the year. 4. The joke Ray tells at the expense of his academic critic assumes that while the comparison of film with book has both a technical and an evaluative aspect, nevertheless the surreptitious evaluations of fidelity discourse corrupt even its technical conclusions. This debate is no exception. "The application of theory and delineation of forms and functions, as well prospective adaptation monitoring of large complex interventions can support the balance of fidelity with adaptability to encourage successful interventions among a variety of clinical environments." (Hill et al. Reviewing Andrew’s essay in 1984, Christopher Orr was more pessimistic about attempts to change adaptation studies, and blunt about his disciplinary aims: “Given the problematic nature of the discourse of fidelity, one is tempted to call for a moratorium on adaptation studies” (72). Chosen for their readability, these essays avoid theoretical jargon as much as possible. For this reason alone, this collection should be of interest to not only cinema scholars but to anyone interested in films and their source material. For me, this is the approach to take. “Introduction: The Theory and Practice of Adaptation.”, Connor, J.D. Depending on the environment you are in, there might need to be certain changes to your implementation strategy. This essay considers the persistence of fidelity idealism by positing its basic assumptions as a necessary component for the interpretation of adaptations as such. When Robert Stam entitles one of his recent efforts to theorise adaptation “Beyond Fidelity,” he could be speaking for a wide range of critics (54). In most cases, simply adapting the story from one medium to another is not itself a significant accomplishment. Of course, whatever errors remain are entirely my own. But it does not follow from this that thematic fidelity is not a virtue. Fidelity is defined as the degree to which a program is implemented according to its . (2011) Integrated Model of Program Implementation In this view, middle-class moralists are the perfect complement to an industry always looking for a way to reduce its risks and to find stories that are pre-sold. In a media context, adaptation is defined as: An altered or amended version of a text, musical composition, etc., (now esp.) ", Connor, J. Yet those who belief utter faithfulness to a text is essential, are entirely misunderstanding the medium of film. Please check your user ID. ch. The Diversity Promise Of Marvel’s WHAT IF…? Some of the themes are similar—both take up patriotism and militarism—the ways in which the themes are handled are wildly different. However, we should note two important features of his view that require further discussion. The latter, he explains, judges filmic adaptations of literary texts in terms of their "fidelity" to the literature that they adapt, privileging book over film (6). Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, 2000) opens, a title card quotes the opening lines of Homer’s Odyssey: ‘O Muse! More important, adaptation poses important and interesting philosophical problems that bear on and interact with some of the most discussed problems in philosophical aesthetics today. So, story fidelity typically does not count as a merit in artworks, but thematic fidelity typically does. Sometimes we may be concerned with fidelity to character: how similar is a character’s inner life and even, sometimes, outer appearance. Screenplays vary in how much detail they specify. This would, of course, mean a departure from the original story, however. There is, he argues, no such thing as ‘global’ fidelity. Assessing fidelity is essential to First Published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. Second, it must account for its own blind spot: What has the campaign against fidelity failed to get at? An earlier storyline is told forwards, and is intercut with the main storyline. In the final section of the paper, we will also see that focusing on theme rather than thesis will help us respond to some objections. Whether study teams choose to use a formal framework to monitor fidelity and adaptations, tracking such modifications will be key to ensuring that you understand the internal validity of the study. This cannot be quite right, though. After all, adaptation is a dominant cultural phenomenon—most films are based on pre-existing sources—and one with a long and rich history. It lies in our ordinary discussions of adaptations: “Without the benefit of a presiding poetics, film and literature scholars could only persist [there it is again] in asking about individual movies the same unproductive layman’s question (How does the film compare with the book?) Adaptation Theory. studies in Novels into Film proceed to follow a schematic fidelity model. With a basis in source-oriented studies, such as novel-to-stage and stage-to-film adaptations, this volume also seeks to highlight the new and innovative aspects of adaptation studies, ranging from theatre and dance to radio, television and ... Fidelity in health care means that nurses uphold the standards of their profession to provide safe, competent care to their patients. Kamilla Elliott spends the great majority of Rethinking the Novel/Film Debate in an argument that might liberate the discipline from skepticisim. Can an act of the imagination, in the form of opera, take us the rest of the way? Might opera, an art form steeped in death, teach us how to die, as this provocative work suggests? Here is another example. It seems rather bizarre that such critics expect their own, highly personal interpretation to not only be the one seen on-screen, but that they also dismiss the idea that the resulting adaptation is simply the director’s own personal response to the text. Data not found. This book argues for a historically informed approach to American popular culture that reconfigures the classically defined adaptation phenomenon as a form of transnational reception. Ultimately, an entirely faithful adaptation is, for me, useless. “Adaptation.” Naremore 28-37. “Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation.” Naremore 54-78. 2017 Aug;18(6):623-629. Traditional critics of film adaptation generally assumed a) that the written text is better than the film adaptation because the plot is more intricate and the language richer when pictorial images do not intrude; b) that films are better ... (2007) The Cambridge companion to literature on screen. To make this case, I survey the field of adaptation theory generally, beginning with George Bluestone's seminal . There are some highly suggestive theoretical works within the discipline that try to introduce new perspectives drawn from translation studies (for example, Patrick Cattrysse's Descriptive Adaptation Studies), but these interventions are few and far between. There are also case studies, such as Shakespeare, Jane Austen, the nineteenth-century novel and modernism, which allow the reader to place adaptations of the work of writers within a wider context. I am saying that fidelity debates provide a way of avoiding questions of quality. Livingston discusses in some detail one of the latter cases, Roman Polanski’s 1979 film Tess, an adaptation of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Ubervilles. Berman (1981) suggested a contingency model in practice in order to solve this tension. Explores the impulse to transform literary narrative into cinematic discourse through the work of several postwar Italian film-makers - Visconti, De Sica, Pasolini, Fellini and the Taviani brothers. “The Discourse on Adaptation.”. A. O. Scott, ‘Lies, Guilt, Stiff Upper Lips’, The New York Times (7 December 2007), E1.
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